复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在;从句仅是
全句的一个句子成分，不能独立存在。复合句可分为名词性从句，形容词性从句和副词性从句。名词性
从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句;形容词性从句包括：定语从句;副词性从句
包括：状语从句。
名词性从句
1. 主语从句
用作主语的从句叫做主语从句，主语从句常出现在下面的三种结构中。
1) 主语从句+谓语。如：
That she will attend the meeting is certain.她一定回来参加会议。
2) It +be+形容词(名词词组、过去分词)+that 从句。在这种结构中，that 引导的从句后置。而使用 it 作
形式主语，用于该结构的形容词很多，常见的有：obvious, clear, likely, true, certain 等。如：
It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. 众所皆知，鲸不是鱼。
3) It +seem(happen 等不及物动词)+that 从句。用于该结构的不及物动词有 seem, happen, appear, matter
等。如：
It seems that you are right. 好像你对了。
2. 宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句主要用于下面四种结构中。
1) 主语+谓语+that 从句。用于这种结构的动词有 say, think, insist, wish, hope, suppose, see, believe, agree,
admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, propose, declare, demand, imagine,
wonder, know, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, report 等。如：
He dreamed that he was flying to the moon. 他梦到自己飞到了月亮上。
2) 主语+谓语+wh-从句。在该结构中的宾语从句，实际上是一个特殊疑问句变化而来的。而且特别
需要注意的是，宾语从句是一个陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词有 see, say, tell, ask, answer, know,
decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise 等。如：
I don’t understand why you did that. 我不理解你为什么那样做。
3) 主语+谓语+whether(if)+从句。在该结构中 whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是由一个一般疑问
句演变而来的，意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中 whether 与 if
可以互换使用。如：
I call to confirm whether you really want to go there with me.
我打电话确认一下你是否真的想跟我一起去那儿。
4) 主语+be+表语形容词+从句。在该结构中，从句作形容词宾语。用于这种结构的形容词有：afraid,
angry, amazed, anxious, glad, happy, pleased, sad, satisfied, sure, surprised, ashamed, astonished, certain,
delighted, disappointed 等。如：
I am afraid that I’ve got to go. 恐怕我得走了。
3. 表语从句
用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句主要是说明主语的内容，因此，含有表语从句的复合句中的
主语通常是需要有内涵的名词(如 fact， truth， explanation， problem， opinion， view 等)和 what
引导的主语从句。若表语从句用 that 引起，that 起连接作用，不能省略。表语从句也可用连接词 how,
when, where, why, what 引起;由 because 引起的表 语从句通常只用在“this/that/it is because”结构
中。如：
The fact is that you are late. 事实是你迟到了。
What I want to know is which book I should buy. 我想知道的是我应该买哪本书。
This is what I want. 这正是我所需要的。
That is because I miss you.原因是我想你了。
4. 同位语从句
用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句其形式与定语从句相似，二者之前都有先行词，但与
先行词的关系不同：同位语从句与先行词同位或等同;定语从句与先行词是修饰关系。同位语从句的
先行词多为 fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark 等，关联词多用 that，但也可由
whether, what, who, which, where, when, why, how 等引导。如：
The news that you had resigned surprised everyone. 你辞职的消息使大家都很吃惊。
形容词性从句
形容词性从句指的是定语从句，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代
词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语和定语等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。
1. 用作关联词的关系代词
用作关联词的关系代词有 who, whom, whose, that, which，as 等，who, whom 和 whose 指人。who 是
主格，在句中作主语;whom 是宾格，在句中作宾语;whose 是所有格，在句中作定语。that 在从句
中既可作主语也可作宾语;既可指人，也可指物，但多用来指物;which 在从句中既可作主语也可作
宾语，一般指物。如：
The person who abused him yesterday is a drunken worker. 昨天骂他的那个人是个喝醉了的工人。
I want to buy a house whose windows face the sea. 我想买一个窗户面向大海的房子。
I lost the parcel that I had received from my mother.我丢了母亲寄给我的包裹。
I can’t find the book which I bought the day before.我找不到前天买的书了。
They were satisfied with the decision, as was agreed in advance.
他们对这个决定都满意，因为事先他们已经同意了。
2. 用作关联词的关系副词
用作关联词的关系副词有 when, where, why 等。
When 在从句中作时间状语，其先行词是表示时间的名词;where 在从句中作地点状语，其先行词是
表示地点的名词;why 在从句中表示原因，其先行词只有 reason。如:
We will leave for Shanghai tomorrow when the weather may be better.
我们明天去上海，那时天气可能好转。
The place where I met him yesterday is near the supermarket. 我昨天遇到他的那个地方在超市附近。
He refused to disclose the reason why he resigned. 他拒绝透露辞职的原因。
3. 限定性定语
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别。如：
1) 非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，书写的时候多半用逗号分开。
2) 非限定性定语从句能够修饰整个句子，限定性定语从句则不能。
3) 非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句的含义不一样，限定性定语从句是确指，而非限定性定语从句
是泛指。
4) 在非限定性定语从句中，先行词指人的时候，关系代词只能是 who, whom，不能用 that;先行词指
物的时候，关系代词只能用 which,不能用 that。
What is the name of the person who brought us the letter? 给我们带来信的那个人叫什么名字?
The teacher was the only person that was reliable in that circumstance.
在那种情况下，老师是我们惟一可信赖的人。
I like to chat with her, who is a clever girl. 我喜欢同她交谈，她是个聪明人。
He saved others at the cost of his own life, which moved everyone greatly.
他用自己的生命解救了别人，所有人都深受感动。
副词性从句
副词性从句指的是状语从句，用作状语的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句分为时间状语从句、地点状
语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、
方式状语从句等九类。
1. 时间状语从句
表时间，其关联词有 while, when, before, whenever, as, after, till, until, since, once, ever since, as/so long
as, as soon as, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely/barely...when, the moment/minute/instant, on (the
point of) doing...等。如：
When she arrived at the railway station, the train had left.当她到火车站时，火车已经开走了。
As soon as the teacher went in, the students stopped talking. 老师一进来，学生们就停止说话。
2. 地点状语从句
表地点，其关联词有 where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 等。如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。
Wherever you go, I will follow you. 无论你去哪里，我都追随你。
3. 原因状语从句
表原因，其关联词有 because, since, as, seeing that, considering that, now that, in that, for fear that, lest,
owing to the fact that, because of the fact that, due to the fact that 等。如：
He is absent today because he is ill. 他今天没来，因为他生病了。
Since you are going, I will go too. 既然你要走了，我也走吧。
This is not a good flower in that its seeds are poisonous. 这花不好，因为它的籽有毒。
4. 结果状语从句
表结果，其关联词有 so that, so...that, such...that, so as to..., with the result that 等。如：
The boy is so young that he can’t go to school alone. 孩子太小，不能独自去上学。
I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the knock at the door. 我在洗澡，没听到敲门声。
5. 比较状语从句
表比较，其关联词有 as, than, as...as, not so...as, hardly...than, the more...the more...。如：
She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她同妈妈一样脾气不好。
This house is bigger than that one.这所房子比那所房子大。
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 锻炼越多，越健康。
6. 目的状语从句
表目的，其关联词有 that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case...。如：
I must leave now so that I can catch the last bus. 我必须立刻离开以便我能赶上末班车。
I obeyed her lest she should be angry. 我得顺着她，免得她生气。
7. 条件状语从句
表条件，其关联词有 if, unless, in case, so long as, so far as, provided/providing/that, supposing, assuming,
in the event(that), just so(that), on condition(that), granted/granting that..., giving that....。如：
If I have time tomorrow, I will accompany you to the supermarket.
如果我明天有时间，就陪你到超市去。
Assuming that you are right, we will make profits. 假定你是正确的，我们将会获益。
Given that they are inexperienced, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们没经验，他们的工作已做得很
好。
8. 让步状语从句
表让步，其关联词有 though, although, even if, even though, while, whether, as, however, no matter (what,
how, when), for all that, in spite of the fact that, granted that, regardless of the fact that。如：
I will not trust you although you have told me the truth. 尽管你已经告诉了我真相，我也不会信任你的。
While I understood your viewpoint, I didn’t agree to it. 尽管我理解你的观点，但是不赞成。
9. 方式状语从句
表方式，其关联词有 as; as if; as though; how; seem that 等。如：
We should do as the teacher told us.我们应该按照老师告诉我们的去做。
She stood at the door as if she were waiting for someone. 她站在门口，仿佛在等人似的。
