leep, and they don't even realize they' re doing it, "says Dr. David. "They think they' re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when
they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day.
Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider
sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you' re considered dynamic if
you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep. If you've got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack
drive and ambition."
To determine the consequnces of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set
of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers
or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We' ye found that if you' re in sleep
deficit, performance suffers, "says Dr. David. "Short - term memory is weakened, as are abilities
to make decisions and to concentrate."
31. People in the 18th and 19th centuries used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night because they
had
A) no drive and ambition B) no electric lighting
C) the best sleep habits D) nothing to do in the evening
32. According to Dr. David, Americans
A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life
B) often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit
C) do not know how to relax themselves properly
D) can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep
33. Many Americans believe that __
A) sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy
B) they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday life
C) to sleep is something one can do at any time of the day
D) enough sleep promotes people's drive and ambition
34. The word "subjects" (Line 1, Para.4)refers to
A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied
C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit
35. It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to
A) improve one's memory dramatically
B) by considered dynamic by other people
C) maintain one's daily schedule
D) feel energetic and perform adequately
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal
health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do
not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The
structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may
concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts,
eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life - style without any exercise.
The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although
the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a
difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and
health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of
health - related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as
they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health- related
behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy
choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They
suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of
shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in
preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.
36. The concept of personal c
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