w to get a promotion. You can also
find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping
(簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires
a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially
in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their
trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work,
the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical a-
bilities or professional knowledge.
31. It is implied that fifty years ago
A) eighty percent of American working people were employed in factories
B) twenty percent of American intellectuals were employees
C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of in-
dustrial workers
D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industri-
al workers
32. According to the passage, with the development of modern industry,
A) factory labourers will overtake intellectual employees in number
B) there are as many middle - class employees as factory labourers
C) employers have attached great importance to factory labourers
D) the proportion of factory labourers in the total employee population has decreased
33. The word "dubious" ( L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means
A) valuable B) useful C) doubtful D) helpful
34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is
A) less important than awareness of being a good employee
B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations
C) more important than employer- employee relations
D) as important as the ability to co- operate with others in the organization
35. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one
A) to be more successful in his career B) to be more specialized in his field
C) to solve technical problems D) to develop his professional skill
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7 - 8 hours' sleep al-
ternating with some 16 - 17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally
coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent
this cycle can be modified.
The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can
change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round - the- clock working of machines. It normally takes
from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness,
sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that
shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.
m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no
sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time
is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently,
The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent
night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night - shift workers was
carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence (发生率) of disturbed sleep and other
disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these
phenomena among those on permanent night work.
This latter system then appears to be the best long - term policy, but meanwhile something
may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who
can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapt-
ed is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a
high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to
night work the
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