o themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring， creative spirit.
In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it， we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm， some people many still distrust him because of his association with those who do， or at least wonder about the source of some his research funding.
This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue， and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing then a venal （可以收买的）。 This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements， but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as ‘experts’。 The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor， for example， is a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe， we believe him， because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe， on the other hand， we distrust him， because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.
31. What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research？
A） Support from the votes.
B） The reduction of public expenditure.
C） Quick economics returns.
D） The budget for a research project.
32. Scientist have to adapt their research to ‘economic needs’ in order to _________ .
A） impress the public with their achievements
B） pursue knowledge for knowledge‘s sake
C） obtain funding from the government
D） translate knowledge into wealth
33. Why won‘t scientists complain about the government’s policy concerning scientific research？
A） They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.
B） They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.
C） They know it takes patience to win support from the public.
D） They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.
34. According to the author， people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because ___________ .
A） their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong
B） sometimes they hide the source of their research funding
C） some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty
D） they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned
35. Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects？
A） It makes things difficult for scientists seeking research funds.
B） People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.
C） It may dampen the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.
D） Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
In many ways， today‘s business environment has changed qualitatively since the late 1980s. The end of the Cold War radically altered the very nature of the world’s politics and economics. In just a few short years， globalization has started a variety of trends with profound consequences： the opening of markets， true global competition， widespread deregulation （解除政府对……的控制） of industry， and an abundance of accessible capital. We have experienced both the benefits and risks of a truly global economy， with both Wall Street and Main Street （平民百姓） feeling the pains of economic disorder half a world away.
At the same time， we have fully entered the Information Age， Starting breakthroughs in information technology have irreversibly altered the ability to conduct business unconstrained by the traditional limitations of time or space. Today， it‘s almost impossible to imagine a world without intranets， e-mail， and portable computers. With stunning speed， the Internet is profoundly changing the way we work， shop， do business， and communicate.
As a consequence， we have truly entered the Post-Industrial economy. We are rapidly shifting from an economy based on manufacturing and commodities to one that places the greatest value on information， services， support， and distribution. That shift， in turn， place an unprecedented premium on “knowledge workers，” a new class of wealthy， educated， and mobile people who view themselves as free agents in a seller‘s market.
Beyond the realm of information technology， the accelerated p
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