arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends purposes.
The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it but the animal does experience something like it.
The predator is searchingly aggressive innerdirected, used by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard’s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework. The large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant soundsand yesterday’s unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silkthin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
26. The author is primarily concerned with .
\[A\] disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivores
\[B\] describing a relationship between animals’ intelligence and their ecological roles
\[C\] establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern counterparts
\[D\] analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores
27. According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of the following may occur EXCEPT.
\[A\] the production of adrenaline
\[B\] the production of norepinephrine
\[C\] a heightening of sensitivity to stimulate
\[D\] an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem
28. According to the passage, improvement in brain function among early large mammals resulted primarily from which of the following?
\[A\] Interplay of predator and prey.
\[B\] Persistence of free floating awareness in animals of the grasslands.
\[C\] Gradual dominance of warm blooded mammals over cold blooded reptiles.
\[D\] Interaction of early large mammals with less intelligent species.
29. The author refers to a hungry lizard (last paragraph) primarily in order to.
\[A\] demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those of no mammals
\[B\] broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as an example
\[C\] make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness
\[D\] provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators
30. The author’s attitude toward the mammals discussed in the passage is best described as .
\[A\] superior condescending \[B\] lighthearted and jocular
\[C\] apologetic and conciliatory \[D\] respectful and admiring
Text 3
Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreler, the craft must be learned.
There are two generally recognized apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is likely to grow up failing to understand that quarrels, unlike arguments, are not about anything, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.
Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel age out to establish or rescue their dignity. Hence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of calling this old acquaintance a lying fraud.
Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enroll in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a license for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that some of our most tenacious black belt quarrelers have come to it late in life and mastered every throw.
A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types with time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.
Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, selfesteem, honor is quarrelling, like jealousy, is an ailconsuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreler’s very selfhood is on the line. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent’s feet.
31. According to the passage, which is false?
\[A\] It is a good way to establish or rescue one’s dignity through quarrel.
\[B\] Quarrel is very different from argument.
\[C\] Spouses can benefit little from quarrel.
\[D\] Quarrel is not an instinct of human being.
32. What does the expression “rainy afternoon” (2nd paragraph) mean about brothers and sisters?
\[A\] Had to play at home. \[B\] Felt depressed.
\[C\] Were quarrelling. \[D\] Got the only chance to stay together.
33. The author implies that.
\[A\] an excellent quarreler must be trained through two phrases
\[B\] in people’s whole life, there are two periods full of quarreling
\[C\] quarrel is much like argument
\[D\] all people like quarreling
34.Which is the difference between a quarrel and an argument?
\[A\] A quarrel involves individual pride.
\[B\] A quarrel concerns strong points of view.
\[C\] An argument has wellestablished rules.
\[D\] An argument concerns trivial issues.
35. The author’s opinion is.
\[A\] objective \[B\] subjective \[C\] progressive \[D\] conservative
Text 4
Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of “sacred law”. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of lawnotwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different.
Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications（诠释） of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism(信仰) that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of preIslamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the nonArab peoples of the conquered territories. All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel institutions. This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal ethical and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.
In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside: its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by and organized institution; consequently there never developed an overt trial of strength. There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.
36. According to the author, which of the following is not true?
\[A\] Islamic law is rarely different from Jewish law and canon law.
\[B\] Islamic law is especially instructive example of scared law.
\[C\] Jewish law is the same as canon law.
\[D\] Islamic law is more uniform than both Jewish law and canon law.
37. The word “it” (in Line 7, Para 2) most probably refers to.
\[A\] the Old Testament \[B\] Islamic law
\[C\] canon law \[D\] legal subject matter
38. The word“ buttress ” (in Line 2，Para 3) means.
\[A\] buttonhole\[B\] distress\[C\] support\[D\] hinder
39. Islamic law never developed an overt trial of strength, because.
\[A\] it was never supported by an organized institute
\[B\] it was dominated by the dualism of religion and state
\[C\] it was reinforced by pressure from outside
\[D\] it was supported by an organized institution
40. The best title for this passage could be.
\[A\] Scared Law \[B\] Islamic Law
\[C\] Islamic Law, Jewish Law and Canon Law \[D\] All Kinds of Laws
Part B
Sample One
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In Europe and Asia the first “medium of exchange” or “standard of value” was not gold or silver, but cattle (the Spanish words relating to cattle, pecuario, and to money, pecuniario, both have the same root). In other parts of the world, however, such different commodities as salt, shells, stones and cocoa beans were all used as “money”. They all offered advantages over the barter system (the direct exchange of goods), but none of them was perfect. (41).
The invention of coins appears to have occurred almost simultaneously but quite independently in ancient Greece and in China in about 700 B.C. (42).
In Greece, a natural alloy of gold and silver called “electrun” occurred in river in nugget form. The first coins were taken out of these nuggets with a tool called a punch. In order to distinguish these coins from gold ornaments, a design, or “type”, to use the technical numismatic expression, was added on one side. At first, these types were very simple: flowers, squares or, in the case of the city of Phocaea, a seal (seal = foca Spanish). (43).Soon, inscriptions appeared, the first known one being “I am the sign of Phanes.” From Halicarnassus around 600 B.C., about 200years later, the first portraits of rulers appeared on coins.
(44).Firstly, it was made of bronze. More notable, it was not circular, but in the shape of a knife! The knife had a hole pierced in the handle so that it could be suspended (for example, from a string), and, like some Greek coins, it generally bore an inscription. Other shapes included keys or spades, but what they had in common was the pierced hole. It was probably around 250 B.C. that the first Chinese money we would recognize as coins appeared, and, subsequently, the famous Ming Mint produced a round coin with a square hole in it. This particular coin bore the inscription, “Knife of Ming,” but later the knife itself disappeared. It was from this coin that the famous “cash” developed. The Chinese word, “cash”, means “a small unit of currency.” Although Chinese coins often had inscriptions, they virtually never had portraits, or types of any kind, until the nineteenth century when were influenced by western models.
(45). In the thirteenth century A.D. Marco Polo brought stories of such money to Europe, but the concept did not inspire the Europeans of his time. In fact, the true ancestors of modern paper money were the billets printed in France in 1716 by the Scottish financier, John Law. So the English word “cash” comes from a Chinese word, and the Spanish word billeted comes from a Scotsman in France. Money certainly seems to make the word go round!
\[A\] Some were too heavy, some could not be divided into small enough parts (How much of a cow would you need to buy a piece of cheese?), some were not permanent enough. The solution was money as we know it, that is, money in the form of coins.
\[B\] As for paper money, that was a Chinese invention, too.
\[C\] Meanwhile, in another part of Greece, circular silver coins were made, and these quickly became more common everywhere in Greece than the electrun ones.
\[D\] The reason why historians believe the development was independent is because of the notable difference in the two systems.
\[E\] Checks have largely replaced money as a means of exchange, for they are widely accepted everywhere.
\[F\] The first money to appear in China was very different.
\[G\] Though this is very convenient for both buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that checks are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves.
Sample Two
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 4145, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by c
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