quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.
According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is a visual sensation from the visual cortex, and auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells. But as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value. Studies showed that sensations as diverse as those of red, black, green, and white, or touch, cold warmth, movement pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogeneous nervecell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.
36.The author’s attitude toward mental experience with brain processes is.
\[A\] impatience \[B\]pessimism\[C\]indifference \[D\]defiance
37.Which of the following best summarizes the author’s opinion on areadetermination perceptions?
\[A\] It is a plausible explanation, but it has not been completely proved.
\[B\] It is the best explanation of brain processes currently available.
\[C\] It is disproved by the fact that the various areas of the brain the diversity of mental experience.
\[D\] There is some evidence to support it, but it fails to explain the diversity of mental experience.
38.The author mentions “common currency” in Paragraph 2 to emphasize the.
\[A\] lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings
\[B\] similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience
\[C\] similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous system
\[D\] continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system
39.The description in the 3rd paragraph of an experiment is to support the theory that.
\[A\] the simple presence of different cortical areas cannot account for the diversity of mental experience
\[B\] variation in spatio temporal patterning of nerve impulses correlates with variation in subjective experience
\[C\] nerve impulses essentially homogeneous and are relatively unaffected as they travel through the nervous system
\[D\] the mental experiences produced by sensory nerve impulses are determined by the cortical area activated
40.The passage can most accurately be described as a discussion concerning historical view of the .
\[A\] structure of the brain
\[B\] manner in which nerve impulses are conducted
\[C\] significance of different cortical areas in mental experience
\[D\] physiological correlates of mental experience
Part B
Sample One
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.
（41).Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
（42). Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
（43) . There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
（44). Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
(45).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
\[A\] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
\[B\] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
\[C\]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, was formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
\[D\] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
\[E\] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sealilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
\[F\] When an animal dies, its body, its bones, or its shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
\[G\] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
Sample Two
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 4145, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list AG to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
\[A\]If such pills catch on, they could generate significant revenues for drug companies. In Pfizer’s case, the goal is to transfer as many qualified patients as possible to the combo pill. Norvasc’s patents expire in 2007, but Pfizer could avoid losing all its revenues from the drug at once if it were part of a superpill. Sena Lund, an analyst at Cathay Financial, sees Pfizer selling $4.2 billion worth of NorvascLipitor by 2007. That would help take up the slack for falling sales of Lipitor, which he projects will drop to $5 billion in 2007, down from $8 billion last year.
\[B\]As usual, economics could tip the scales. Patients now taking both Lipitor and Norvasc “could cut their insurance copay in half” by switching to the combo drug, Gavris notes. That’s a key advantage. Controlling hypertension, for instance, can require three or more drugs, and the financial burden on patients mounts quickly. If patients also benefit — as Pfizer and other drug companies contend—making the switch to superpills could be advantageous for everyone.
\[C\]Multifunction superpills aren’t nearly as farfetched as they may sound. And reducing such serious risks to heart health as soaring cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure potentially could save many lives and be highly lucrative for drug companies. A combo pill from Pfizer (PFE ) of its hypertension drug Norvasc and cholesterol—lowering agent Lipitor “could have huge potential,” says Shaojing Tong, analyst at Mehta Partners. “Offering two functions in one pill itself is a huge convenience.”
\[D\]Some other physicians are more skeptical. “If you want to change dosage on one of the new pill’s two drugs, you’re stuck,” fears Dr. Irene Gavris, professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine. She says she would feel most comfortable trying the combination pill on patients who “have been on the drugs for a while” and are thus unlikely to need changes in dosage.
\[E\][ZK（〗Combining treatments would challenge doctors to approach heart disease differently. But better patient compliance is important enough, says Rockson, that he expects doctors to be open to trying the combined pill.
\[F\]Doctors also may be quick to adopt NorvascLipitor, Pfizer figures, because it’s made up of two wellstudied drugs, which many physicians are already familiar with. But Dr. Stanley Rockson, chief of consultative cardiology at Stanford University Medical Center, says fixeddose combination pills represent “an interesting crossroads” for physicians, who are typically trained to “approach each individual problem with care.”
\[G\]Pfizer argues that addressing two distinct and serious cardiovascular risk factors in one pill has advantages. People with both hypertension and high LDL cholesterol (the “bad” kind) number around 27 million in the U.S., notes Craig Hopkinson, medical director for dual therapy at Pfizer, and only 2% of that population reaches adequate treatment goals. Taking two treatments in one will increase the number of patients who take the medications properly and “assist in getting patients to goal,” he says.
Order:
C→
41→
42→
43→
44→
45→
B
Sample Three
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the Yellow Stone National Park in the U.S., followed by a list of explanations. Choose the best explanation from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra explanation which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
(41) Orientation
Yellowstone is much more than hot ground and gushing steam. Located astride the Continental Divide, most of the park occupies a high plateau surrounded by mountains and drained by several rivers. Park boundaries enclose craggy peaks, alpine lakes, deep canyons, and vast forests. In 1872, Yellowstone became the world first national park, the result of great foresight on the part of many people about our eventual need for the solace and beauty of wild places.
(42) When to go
More than half of the 3 million annual visitors come in July and August. In September and early October, the weather is good, the visitors few, and the wildlife abundant. In May and June, you can see newborn animals, but the weather may be cold, wet, and even snowy. Between about November 1 and May 1 most park roads are closed to vehicles.
(43) Getting there
(44) How to visit
The 142mile \[228.5kilometer\] Grand Loop Road forms a figure eight, with connecting spurs to the five entrances. On any visit, start with the geyser basins and Mammoth Hot Springs to see wildlife and thermal features (caution: both can be hazardous if approached too closely). On the second day, travel to the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Hayden Valley, and Yellowstone Lake.
(45) Park information
Park opens year round.
\[A\] Road from North Entrance to Northeast Entrance open all year; most other park roads closed to cars November through April. Call headquarters for latest weather and road conditions.
\[B\] Facilities for Disabled Visitor centers, Madison and Fishing Bridge Campgrounds, most rest rooms, amphitheaters, numerous rangerled activities, walks, and exhibits are wheelchair accessible. Free brochure available.
\[C\] On a longer stay, visit the Northern Range, or consider a boating or fishing trip on Yellowstone Lake; a backcountry excursion on foot or horse; or any of the numerous easy nature trails throughout the park. Your best chance of seeing wildlife is in early morning or evening.
\[D\] In early years, what made Yellowstone stand out was the extravaganza of geysers and hot springs. The wild landscape and the bison, elk, and bears were nice but, after all, America was still a pioneer country filled with scenic beauty and animals.
\[E\] By Plane
West Yellowstone Airport (WYS) at the West Entrance of Yellowstone. (This airport is open June through September.)
Cody Airport (COD) about 50 miles \[81 kilometers\] from the park.
\[F\] During the winter season, midDecember to midMarch, Yellowstone becomes a fantasy of steam and ice; facilities are limited but sufficient. Only the road between the North and Northeast Entrances stays open to cars, but snowmobiling is permitted on unplowed roads. Heated snow coaches offer tours and give crosscountry skiers access to the 50 miles \[80.5 kilometers\] of groomed trails.
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about infant lifesaving. Choose the most suitable heading from the list AF for each numbered paragraph (4145). There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
\[A\] Do a 5-second breathing check
\[B\] Call for help
\[C\] Keep the baby warm
\[D\] Starting CPR
\[E\] Check for a pulse
\[F\] Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
Even if you know adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it’s important to take a refresher course once you become a parent. CPR and the Heimlich maneuver are different for infants than for adults; in fact, they’re different for children over age 1 than they are for your baby. Review the basic infant CPR steps below.
CPR is performed when a baby has stopped breathing. If you discover that your baby can’ t breathe because an object is blocking his airway, do the infant Heimlich maneuver.
41
If you think your child isn’t breathing, even after you’ve tried to rouse him, have someone immediately call 911 (or your local emergency service if you don’t have 911)
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