出错。由于汉语中对于连词的要求与英语中表达习惯不同,因此,在这方面考生容易忽略或掌握不透某些知识点,这些应引起考生高度注意。
一、表示原因的一些介词1.at表原因。例:He cried at the news.
=On hearing the news,he cried.和形容词构成的固定搭配有:
be shocked at,be quick at,be angry at,be good at.2.due to由于。例如:
His good resuct is due to his working hard.3.Owing to因为、由于。例:
Owing to the bad weather.I can t go there with you.
二、表示时间的介词
1.in,after与later在表示“……时间之后”的区别。“in+一段时间”,表示将来动作的发生。例:He will go home in3days.三天后他要回家。
“after+一具体时间点”,表示在某个时刻之后,可与一般过去,一般将来时连用,例:
He will go home after3o clock.他三点钟后将要回家。
“一段时间+later”指以过去某时间为起点的一段时间之后,常用于一般过去式。例:
Two days later,he died.两天之后,他死了。
2.during和in
“in”往往与具体时间或具体活动的动名词形式连用,当强调某一整体或与表示活动的抽象名词连用时,多用during.例:The flowers will die away in October.
He visited a lot of countries during his visit to Asia.
三、表示“除了……”的介词
besides意思是除了……外还有,表增加。
except表示除了……之外都,表删掉,不包括其宾语。
except for表示对于主语细节上的修正,其宾语与主句主语往往并非同类。例:I like English besides Chinese.除了英语,我还喜欢语文。
I like all the subjects except English.除了英语外,其他学科我都喜欢。This composition is good except for some spelling errors.这篇作文很好,除了几处书写错误。
四、表达方式的介词by和with,in.
by表示“以……方式、方法、手段”等,也泛指某种交通工具。with表示“以……工具”,一般按具体的物体。in表示以“以……方式或语言”等。例:I always go to school by bus.
He is writing a composition with a pen.You must write the letter in ink.
五、一些介词的固定搭配短语
hand in hand手牵手 shoulder to shoulder肩并肩face to face面对面 one after another一个挨一个step by step一步一步地 word for word字字相对的
六、and和or用于表条件的特殊用法
祈使句+and+句子.表顺承关系的条件与结果关系。
祈使句+or+句子.表转折关系的因果关系译为“否则”。例:Work hard,and you ll succeed.努力工作,你就会成功。Work hard,or you ll fail.
努力工作,否则你一定会失败。
七、until的特殊用法
not…until…为一特定句型,表示“直到……才”,其强调结构应格外注意。1.It was+not until+句子+that+主句2.Until+从句+主句
3.Not until+从句+倒装主句。例:
It was not until ten o clock,that I went to bed.Until ten o clock,I didn t go to bed.
Not until he came back did I go to bed.
八、具有连词功能的名词、副词。the moment,immediately,the minute,the day,the first time等。例:The moment I saw him yesterday,I couldn t help crying.昨天我见到他的那一刻就忍不住哭了出来。I gave that book to Jack immediately I saw him.我看到杰克后马上就把书给他了。
九、易于与连词混淆的副词。yet,still
由于汉语翻译的影响,yet,still易被误认为是连词,它们可以和alˉthough/though等连词连用。例:
Though I didn t like the film,yet I went there at last.
第六部分 情态动词
情态动词为每年必考的内容,除了情态动词基本语法特征以外,这一知识点的难点主要体现在can,may,must三个词表推测时的差异及用法,need与dare何时作实义动词、何时做情态动词,shall与第二、第三人称连用时的特殊含义以及情态动词的否定式该如何确定。
一、情态动词表推测
①肯定推测分为对现在推测和对过去推测,对现在推测用一般现在时,对过去推测则一定要用完成时。例:It must be Spring in that country now.现在那个国家一定是春天。It must have rained last night.昨天晚上一定下雨了。
②否定推测用can t.绝不能用mustn t,时态与①一致。例:It can t be Jack who is crying.
正在哭的那个人肯定不是杰克。
He couldn t/can t have stolen your money when you were out.他不可能在你不在的时候偷拿了你的钱。
二、need和dare.
need和dare二者既可以作实义动词,又可以作情态动词,作实义动词时,意味着该动词有人称和数的变化,且后边直接加带to的不定式;做情态动词时,意味着该动词没有人称和数的变化,且后接不带to的不定式。例:
①—Do I need to hand in my homework,now?=Need I hand in my homework now?我需要马上交作业吗?—Yes,you do./No,you don t.=Yes,you must./No,you needn t是的,你必须/不,你不用。
②Tom doesn t need to go if he is ill.=Tom needn t go if he is ill.
如果汤姆病了,他就不必去了。
③—Does she dare to go out at night?=Dare she go out at night?她夜里敢出去吗?
—Yes,she dose./No,She doesn t.=Yes,she dare./No,she daren t.是的,她敢。/不,她不敢。
当need表示“需要”时,与want,reqaire用法相同,只作实义动词,而且可以用“need/want/require+doing”这一句式主动表被动,例:The room needs repairing.这房子需要被修理一下。
如果need对过去已发生的事进行描述表示“没必要做某事,实际上做了”这一含义时,只能用“needn t+have done”这一句式,这里好多考生误以为完成式只能用来表示过去某件事情对现在的影响,因而有的考生把needn t do sth或needn t did sth用来表示这种含义,这是错误的,这与情态动词表推测的用法基本一致。It rained last night.昨天下雨了。
It must have rained last night.昨天晚上一定下雨了。
You gave me$1,000yesterday.昨天你给了我一千元钱。
You needn t have given me$1,000yesterday.
昨天你没必要给我一千元钱。(其实已经给过了。)
三、shall与第二、第三人称连用的特殊含义。
shall与第一人称连用等于will.但与其他人物连用时含义不同。当shall与第二人称连用时,表示说话人对对方的允诺、警告等。例:If you work hard,you shall get a pen as trophy.
如果你努力工作(我答应)你就会得到一支钢笔做为奖赏。
当shall与第三人称连用时表示说话人替第三人称向听说人所做出的争询意见。例:
Sir,a Mr wang is awaiting you at the gate,shall he come in or stay there?先生,有位王先生在等您,(我问一下)他是进来还是呆在外边?
四、关于含有某些情态动词的反意疑问句
1.must
当must表示命令时,反意疑问句用needn t.例:He must hand in his homework now,needn t he?他必须现在交作业是吗?
当must表示推测时,反意疑问句与实际情况保持一致,即与把must删掉后的陈述句的反意疑问句保持一致,例:
①He must be a teacher,isn t he?他肯定是个老师,不是吗?
试比较:He is a teacher,isn t he?他是个老师,不是吗?
②He must have finished his homework hasn t he?他肯定已经完成作业了,不是吗?
试比较:He has finished his homework hasn t he?他完成作业了,不是吗?
③It must have rained last night,didn t it?昨天晚上肯定下雨了,不是吗?
试比较:It rained last night,didn t it?昨天晚上下雨了,不是吗?
2.含有can t的陈述句的反意疑问形式
当can t表示没能力做某事时,反意疑问句用can sb.例:Jack can t speak English,can he?杰克不会讲英语,会吗?
当can t用于表推测时,反意疑问句由实际情况决定,即由去掉can t后的真实陈述句决定。例:
①Jack can t be a teacher,is he?杰克不可能是一位老师,是吗?试比较:Jack is not a teacher,is he?杰克不是一位老师,是吗?
②He can t have finished his homework,has he?他不可能做完作业了,可能吗?
试比较:He hasn t finished his homework,has he?他没做完作业,不是吗?
③By the time we went there,he couldn t have finished his job,had he?昨天我们到那儿时他不可能已经做完工作了,是吗?
试比较:By the time we went there,he hadn t finished his job,had he?昨天我们到那儿时,他还没做完工作,是吗?
五、关于几个“会”的表示法的易混点can,表示普遍广义上的能力,例:He can speak Japanese.他会讲日语。
be able to表示特殊情况下的现象。例:
Althouth he can speak Japanese,yet he was not able to say,anything before the friends from Japanese.
尽管他会讲日语,但在这些日本朋友面前他什么也说不出来。will表示人主观乐意做的事情,强调意愿而非能力。例:Every morning he will spend an hour reading English.每天早上他都会花一小时读英语。
六、情态动词表示委婉客气语易错核心知识点
could,might,would等情态动词都有委婉用法,除了用做过去式使用,还可以表示说话人语气的委婉客气、礼貌等,常用于疑问句,尤其是请求别人时用,而当说话人提出帮助时或答应对方时则不能用。例:—Could I use your phone?—Yes,you
.
A.might B.could C.can D.should此题选C,该句用could提问,表示客气回答时需还原为can或may.
第七部分 动 词
动词是英语学习中的重头大戏,汉语中动词由于没有人称、数、时态等方面的变化,因此许多考生在使用动词时机械照搬造成错误,在掌握好动词基本特征的同时,应格外注意以下知识点。
一、动词的及物性与不及物性
①英语为不及物动词,汉语翻译为及物动词。如:look,listen,think(考虑)wait,sit,agree,disagree
例:I am thinking going home应改为I am thinking of going home.Jack is waiting his mother.应为Jack is waiting for his mother.②英语当中为使役动词,汉语翻译为不及物动词的词。如seat(使…坐下) dress(给…穿衣服) frighten(使…害怕)astomish(使…吃惊) amuse(使…高兴) puzzle(使…迷惑)disappoint(使…失望) satisfy(使…满意)等例:—What are you doing?
—I m dressing。应改为I m dressing myself.
When I heard the news,I disappointed.听到这个消息,我很失望。应改为When I heard the news,I was disappointed.
③受汉语习惯表达法影响,误把不及物动词当及物动词使用的,如:die(死) happen(发生) exist(存在) take place(发生) appear(出现)等。例:Nowadays the society exists something bad.现在,社会上存在一些不良事物。
应改为Nowadys something bad exists in the society.Yesterday,Our class happened an interesting story.昨天,我们班发生了一件有趣的故事。
应改为Yesterday,an interesting story happened in our class.
二、动词及动词短语与介词的重复使用
受汉语影响,有些考生不注意英语中动词本身含义,只通过表面翻译来生搬硬套,这类错误应格外注意。例:
He entered into the room.他进入房间。应改为He entered the room.其中,enter为及物动词等于go into.please follow after me.请跟我来。
应改为Please follow me.或please go after me.The boy fell off from the bike.
应改为The boy fell off the bike.(fell off=fell down from)
三、动词与其他词性的词的混淆
由于母语干扰有些动词易与其他词性相混,在使用时造成错误。
1.形容词误当作动词如:afraid,fond,instead.例:①I afraid dogs very much.
应改为I am afraid of dogs very much.②I fond English.
应改为I am fond of English.
2.介词误当作动词。如across,against,beyond,like(像……)through.例:①I want to across this road.
应改为I want to go across this road.或I want to cross this road.
②On this matter,I against you.
应改为On this matter,I am against you.
四、动词时态方面的核心点
1.过去进行时与一般过去时易混点
过去进行时表示过去某个时间点正在进行的动作,但当强调过于某段时间一直连续不断地进行某个动作,也用过去进行时。例:Last year I was writing a novel called life.
去年我一直在写一本名为《生活》的小说。
2.将来进行时与一般将来时的易混点
表示在将来某时间约定好的事实,用将来进行时。例:—Would you please give this book to Jack?—OK!I will be seeing him tonight.
此句中will be seeing表示两个已经约好的事实,译为—你乐意把这本书交给杰克呀?—没问题,今晚我就会见着他了。
3.隐含时间状语在某些句子中没有明显时间状语,考生需联系生活,体会句子使用的语境,做出判断。
例:—Mum,I ve lost my key again.
—I it,you never do anything pleasant.
A.know B.have known C.am knowing D.will know此题选A,表示我早就知道,即在这次丢钥匙之前就知道。
4.一般现在时表示将来时的易混知识点
现在表将来是指在从句中动词时态的特殊使用方法,但只限于条件状语从句,尤其是以if,when引导的宾语从句绝对不能这样使用。例:①I don t knowwhen he comes here.应改为
I don t knowwhen he will come here此处when引导宾语从句②I don t know if he wins the game tomorrow.应改为I don t know if he will win the game tomorrow.
五、动词语态方面的核心考点
1.受汉语翻译的影响,主被动语态的转变往往被忽略,如.The apples havn t washed yet!这些苹果还没洗呢!
这是一错误句子,应改为The apples haven t been washed yet!
切记:只要汉语中动词前面能加“被”字,不管平时表达习惯中是否用这个“被”字,那么英语中就一定用被动。例如:我的书卖完了,可以说成我的书被卖完了,那则译为My books have been sold out.
2.感官系动词及wash,use,write,sell等表示“……起来”时,往往主动表被动。例:
These apples tast good,and sell well.
这些苹果尝起来好吃,卖起来也好卖。
3.当动作的实动者在句中出现时,主动表被动。例:I have some clothes to wash.
我有一些脏衣服要洗(自己洗)。I have some clothes to be wased.我有一些脏衣服要(被别人)洗。
六、非谓语动词方面的核心重点
非谓语动词就是对动词进行形变。在不改变其含义的情况下,让其具有在句子中充当不是谓语的其他语法成分的功能,如主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语等。其形式包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式、动名词几种其核心点主要有以下几点:
1.分词
①分词短语做定语必须后置
②分词短语的完成式不能作定语。例:不完成作业的小孩。
只能译为A boy who has finished his homework.绝不能译为A boy having finished his homework.
③分词作状语其逻辑主语和主句主语应一致,若不一致,则用独立主格结构例:“做
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