C
What are feelings for? Most nonscientists will find it a strange question. Feelings justify themselves. Emotions give meaning and depth to life. They exist without serving any other purposes. On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists acknowledge some emotions primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for the young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that. Other scientists have regarded the same behavior as conditioning and learned responses. Certainly reflexes(反射) and fixed action patterns can occur without feeling or conscious thought. A baby seagull pecks(啄) at a red spot on the bill(喙) of its parent. The seagull parent feeds its baby when pecked on the bill and the baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content.
At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals that have given birth including humans, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under intended control but it is reflex. Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feelings about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. Yet since reflexes exist and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior by using only these concepts. It is simpler.
Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit science's methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy (正统) holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. They are just more difficult for the scientific method to check on in the usual ways, so cleverer and more skillful approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive evaluation of what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.
72. The example of the baby seagull pecking the parent’s bill is used to support that ______.
A. it is an inborn ability for adults to look after the young
B. behaviors can be learned and involve no emotions
C. emotions are of great importance for survival
D. it takes time for animals to be conditioned
73. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?
A. Breast-feeding a baby is conditioned or reflective but have no emotional connection.
B. Reflexes and conditioning will lead to a better understanding of animal emotions.
C. Scientists usually apply reflexes and conditioning in explaining animal behaviors.
D. Many evolutionary biologists believe that emotions are to some degree for survival.
74. To study animal emotions, scientists should ______.
A. analyze human emotions
B. distinguish what is emotional
C. set up improved experiments
D. learn from animal behaviorists
75. What is the author’s main purpose of writing this passage?
A. To illustrate that emotions are worth our attention.
B. To compare human emotions with animal emotions.
C. To discuss the importance and usefulness of emotions.
D. To explain what reflexive and conditioned behaviors are.
Section C
Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each
paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.
A. Make sure a sale is a sale.
B. Use less to save money.
C. Shop wisely.
D. Shop in large amount.
E. Establish a person budget.
F. Spend less to save money.
Saving money and being more economical is neither a science nor an art; rather it is somewhere in between and requires your commitment and hard work. Saving money takes time to develop, needs to be learnt, and brings benefits that will endure for the rest of your life.
76. ______
Review what you spend and look at ways you can save money. Consider making telephone calls for instance only at off-peak times. Do you really need to have newspapers and magazines delivered? Can you do without those coffees you buy at break time everyday－would a flask of coffee taken to work save you money? What about using the public lending library instead of buying books or music CDs?
77. ______
This is essential for families and individuals and can be the fastest way to save money. You will instantly see your incomings and outgoings once you figure out the amount of money available to spend. You will not be able to save money unless you know how much money you have coming in, and how much money you have going out.
78. ______
Do your price research before you make an expensive purchase in a retailers promotion. You have to be sure the promotion really is not a creative marketing strategy of the store to encourage you to spend your money without thinking. Once you have researched the true price of a product (any product) you are in a good position to take advantage of a promotion, special offer or discount and really save money.
79. ______
Consider markets, superstores, farmer’s markets, local shops and stores. Anywhere is worth checking out to see if you can save money. Farmer’s Markets can be particularly good places to save money. Typically you are buying direct from the producer of the product so the savings are passed on to you. Use your bulk buying strategy here－farmer’s markets often offer opportunities to save money by buying larger quantities of staples, for instance potatoes, rice or corn.
80. ______
We live in a consumer society where waste is a huge problem. If we could all use and consume less, there would be less waste and power consumption. Consider using less shampoo when you wash your hair, this may not mean washing your hair less effectively but it means not flushing the excess shampoo and your money down the drain. Turn off lights, the TV and the computer when they are not in use. Each little saving you make will build up and enable you to save money.
Section D
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
The internal greenhouse effect of a daffodil(水仙花)
Early pollinators (授粉昆虫) struggle with cold weather, so it's no wonder that late-winter flowers such as daffodil tend to have extended blooming times and long-lasting flowers, some of which remain open for more than two weeks. When the sun is out, they can offer a warm microenvironment for bees.
Although they usually start showing off in the Washington area by late February, blooming times for daffodil are highly variable, depending on variety, weather and planting location. Moisture, tree cover and mineral availability all affect flowering time, but soil temperature tends to have the greatest influence on early-blooming flowers. The microclimate of a south-facing slope will display blooms well before flowers appear in the shadow of a building that gets only a half-day of sun.
Once open, the flower can create a microclimate within itself. When sunlight hits a daffodilflower, its tube-shaped corolla acts as a tiny greenhouse, raising temperatures inside a flower as much as 15 degrees higher than the surrounding air.
That's good news for small bees, which in late winter have trouble getting warm enough to fly.
Bumblebees and honeybees prepare to fly on cold days by exercising their flight muscles to generate heat. But mining bees, which nest in the ground, are less able to do that and are more dependent on surrounding temperatures to warm them up for takeoff.
Spanish ecologist Carlos M. Herrera studied the relationship between mining bees and native daffodil flowers. The bees he studied could fly only if their internal body temperatures approached 72 degrees, yet they were able to forage(觅食) in 54-degree weather. Basking(取暖) in sunlight on the outside of a warm daffodil bloom was enough to get a bee airborne. Heat from flight muscles could then help keep bees in the air, but they still relied on blossom-basking to supplement their heat needs. Although a bee inside a flower has access to warmth and food, a bee basking atop a flower can more effectively raise its temperature by absorbing heat both from direct sunlight and from the flower below.
On those cooler days, bees spent most of their foraging time basking, but "flights between flowers were sometimes interrupted by sudden falls to the ground," Herrera wrote in his 1995 paper. "Fallen bees crawled into some nearby flower and basked before resuming normal foraging."
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in No MORE THAN 12 WORDS.)
81. According to the passage, what can help early pollinators to survive cold weather?
82. Flowers on a south-facing slope usually open earlier because of ________________.
83. What does the “good news for small bees” in paragraph 4 refer to?
84. A bee can raise its temperature better at the top of a flower because both ________________ are its sources of warmth.
第II卷 （45分）
I. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1. 他下定决心要实现抱负。(determine)
2. 居民们都希望有朝一日能更方便地享受图书馆的优质服务。（access）
3. 老师的赞赏给了我很大的鼓舞，这对一名学生而言非常宝贵。（which）
4. 接完电话，他既没关门也没关灯就匆匆忙忙离开了办公室。（with）
5. 实验结果与我们所期望的大相径庭，但我们相信探索越多，就越可能成功。（likely）
II. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
毕业在即，你班将举行最后一次班会。请你为本次班会设计方案，方案中必须包含以下内容：
1. 确立班会的主题；
2. 描述你所设计的活动；
3. 谈谈活动设计的理由。
参考答案
第Ⅰ卷
I. Section A 1~5. DBCDB 6~10. ADCBA
Section B 11~13. ABD 14~16. CDD
Section C 17. paperwork/ work 18. February
19. relaxation/holidays/ rest 20. computer
21. (very) happy/ pleased/ satisfied with
22. (the/ her) education/ university education/ university
23. a football player
24. a brilliant/ bright/good future
II. Section A 25~30. DBADBD 31~35. CCADB
36~40. DCCDB
Section B 41~49. IJDEH BACG
III. Section A 50~54. BCABA 55~59. CADDB
60~64. BACBD
Section B 65~68. BDAD 69~71. DBC
72~75. BCCA
Section C 76~80. FEACB
Section D 81. Late-winter flowers’ extended blooming times
./ Late-winter flowers’ remaining open for long.
82. high/soil/ temperature
83. The flower can create a microclimate within itself once open./The temperatures inside flowers can be much higher than the surrounding air.
84. (direct) sunlight and the flower below
第Ⅱ卷
I.
1. He is determined to realize/accomplish/achieve/fulfill his ambition.
2. Residents all hope that they can have easy assess to the quality service of libraries one day(some day).
3. The teacher’s compliment(s) gave me(filled me with) a great encouragement(inspiration), which is so precious for a student.
4. Having answered the phone, he left the office in a hurry( rushed out of the office) with the door open and the light(s ) on.
5. The result of the experiment is totally different(contrary to) from what we have expected, but we believe (that) the more we explore, the more likely we are to/will succeed.
