第一节 动词的时态 ：讲12种
特别关注：1、一般现在时的特殊用法；2、一般过去时；3、过去进行时4、现在完成时5、过去完成时；6、将来完成时；7、现在完成进行完成时；8、过去完成进行时。
一、一般现在式：
特殊用法： 在时间状语、条件状语从句(if, unless)中表示将来的动作:
A．时间状语(before, after, untill, as soon as, when)：
They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _finish_their exams.
When the mixture _is heated , it will give off a powerful force.
34.”When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?”
“As soon as D.we complete our work for tomorrow.” (03/11试A)
B．条件状语(if, unless)：
We’ll go fishing if weather is good tomorrow.
D。改为is free。when引导的时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。2000年试题A
I can’t go to your birthday party unless my father agrees.
除非我爸爸同意,否则我去不了你的生日会
二、一般过去时： (要掌握常用不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式,40个左右)
1、简单陈述去过的动作或状态：would do
2、used to do sth 过去常常做(现在不做了);
be used to doing 习惯于做……(现在还在做)
We used to swim in the river when we were in the countryside.
我们过去常在河里游泳。(现在不了)
The old man is used to getting up early in the morning. 老人习惯早起
3、It is …time since +从句引导的时间状语从句中, since后谓语动词用一般过去时(自从…以来)
54. No one can possibly recall any detail about the meeting. It is at least five years since it C. took place . 02年A卷
三、一般将来时
1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。
例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。
2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。
例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？
3、be to +动词原形： 强调按安排或计划\命令要求\命中注定的动作
The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.
三环路将在国庆节前通车。
You are to do your homework. 你必须先做作业
Your plan is to fail. 你的计划注定失败
4、用某些动词的现在进行时表达根据计划、安排而将于近期（将来）发生的事情，代表动词：go ,come, start, stop, arrive， leave， play等
We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。
5、一般现在时表示将来（见前一、一般现在时）
四、现在进行时
1、表示说话时（现阶段）正在进行的动作。
The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈
表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。
I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。
2、表示经常或反复发生的动作，但往往带有欣赏、厌恶等的感情色彩
He is always thinking of others first. 他总是先为别人着想。(欣赏)
Why are you always leaving things behind. 你怎么总是丢三落四的(厌恶)
3、描述某人一时的表现，通常用动词be 的进行时态
She is being friendly today. 她今天很友善。（平时不这样）
五、过去进行时 was/were doing
表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。
I fell and hurt myself while I _ A. was playing_ tennis. （98年43题）
重点：when 和while 的区别
when 表示时间上的点，引导的句子用一般过去时
while 表示持续的一段时间，引导的句子用过去进行时
六、现在完成时 have/has done(过去分词)
1、表示过去到现在这段时间完成完成并对现在有影响的动作或状态， 常和just, already, so far, yet, up to now, up to the present, recently, lately, in the past few years 连用。
I have seeen the film. 我看过这个电影。(我了解电影的内容)
2、表示过去开始一直延续到现在的动作、状态、经历或习惯等，通常和延续性动词连用： stay, study, live, to be, teach, work …, 常用since， even since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用。
He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了（现在还住在这儿）
Have you even been to Tibet? 你去过西藏吗？
C。应改为 have had difficulty 。因为ever since 引导句子的时候，从句用过去时，
主句要用现在完成时。(2001年试题)
3、固定句式：it is the first/second/last time that +延续性动词过去完成时
It is the first time that I have met Jane. 那是我第一次见到简。
（2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。
4、现在完成时和一般过去时
Jone has lived Landon for 10 years. 现在还住
Jone lived Landon for 10 years. 曾经住，现在不在了
七、过去完成时 had done
1、表示在过去的某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。可用by, uptill, before, after, when等介词或连词引导的短语或从句表示。
When I arrived he had left. 我到那他刚走
40、When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she D. had left tow days before. (0311试A)
2、没有时间状语时，时间先后收上下文表示：
I didn’t know he had moved out. 我不知道他已经搬家了
3、特殊用法：
（1）和before连用，表示“还没来得及…就…“
She wept before I had realized what was happening.
我还没明白怎么回事之前她就哭了
（2）It was the first/second/last time that + 过去完成时
It was the first time (that) they had tried foreign food.
这是他们第一次吃西餐。
4、常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，一…就…。句型之中，句子到装。
I had no sooner returned than he called.
八、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前已完成或发生的动作
By the end of next month, he will have been here for 10 years.
到下个月为止，他在这住了10年了
24、I _D.shall have finished _ writing the article by the time you get. (00)
30. By next year he A. has worked in New York for five years. (0411A)
九、现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的动作 have/has been doing
We have been waiting for you for an hour.
我们等了你一小时了。( 动作到此为止，不持续下去)
I have been learning English for 10 years.
我学英语10年了。(还要继续学下去)
十、过去将来时：表示相对于过去的将来，多见于间接引语 出现在阅读或完型中
形式： would do 或 was/were going to do
He said that he would watch his car the next day. 他说明天要洗车。
He said that he was going to watch his car the next day.
十一、过去完成进行时：表示过去某一时刻以前一直延续的的动作 had been doing
They had been waiting for an hour before the bus came.
64. Even though Sedat has been studying English for three years before came to the United States , It is still difficult for him to expresshimself. (0304A)
B. has been 改为 had been
十二、将来完成进行时：表示将来某一时刻以前一直进行的动作。
By next month he will have been working in out factory for 30 years.
到下个月他在我们工厂工作30年了。
41. By the time you arrive this evening, D. I will have been studying for two house. (0411A)
第二节 被动语态 to do sth. 一般集中在挑错题中
特别关注：不定式的被动式，由主动变被动时to的特殊处理
相关知识：
A、及物动词和不及物动词
及物动词：后面可直接加宾语(名词、动名词、人称代词的宾格、数词)
不及物动词：后面不可直接加宾语，＋介词＋宾语
有些动词在不同的句子中既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。water
49. These part-time students expect to to offer some jobs on campus during the coming summer vacation. (0404A)
答：A，改为to be offed。 offer为及物动词，后面必须有宾语，若后面宾语，应是被动句
B、行为动词与系动词
行为动词：表示实际动作，包括表示思维活动的词: want, think…等
系动词：表示主语的性质、状态和特征，be动词、可放在形容词前的某些动词：get、run、turn、smell…等
一、何种情况下可使用被动语态：
1，强调动作的接受者。
The kitchen is shared by the three of us. 厨房是我们三人用。
Football is played over of the world. 世界各地都踢足球。
2，不知道或没必要说明的执行者是谁。
The data have been computerized for two years now.
这些数据已经由计算处理两年了。
These books are written for children. 这些书是儿童读物
3，出于礼貌、措辞婉转等原因不方便、不愿意说明动作的执行者。
I was told that you are very lazy. 我听人说你很懒。
The car was damaged. 车撞坏了。
4，避免变换主语，以求行文流畅。
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applaused by the audience.
他出现在舞台上时，观众的热烈鼓掌。
二、使用被动高不成低不就需要注意的问题
1，不定式的被动式 to be done
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的接受者, 用被动式
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 他要求派去西藏工作
I want to do some shopping tomorrow.
It’s an honour for me to be invited to speak here today. 很荣幸被邀请
Are you going to the meeting to be held at 6:00? 你要参加6点的会吗？
22. The famous novel is said _ C. to have been translated _ into Chinese.
本句是动词不定式的完成、被动式。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的对象时（或是动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前。如：He is not likely to have been told the result.这个结果可能还没有告诉他。 2000年
17. We shall ask for samples A and then we can make our decision. (0311)
A. to be sent B. being sent C. to set D. to have been sent
18. The forest fire caused by the volcano is difficult to be C . (0311)
A. put off B. put away C. put out D. put up
34. The question C at the meeting tomorrow is very important. (0411)
A. to discuss B. being discussed C. to be discussed D. will be discussed
2，某些动词由主动变被动时不定式符号”to”的处理
7个感观动词see, watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear,fell;
3个使役动词let, have让, make
56. The teacher has his students _____ a composition every other week. (2000)
A. to write B. written C. writing D. write
D。have sb do sth 让某人做某事。have此处为使役动词，后面接宾补的时候省to
58. The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.
A. came B. come C. to come D. have come
C。感官动词feel，hear，see，watch等后面接宾补的时候，要用无to不定式。但如果句子是主语的补足语的话，要加上to。 (2000)
