SectionB
    
    Directions: Reading the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitle. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)
    
    A. The consequence of losing bones
    
    B. A better lab than on earth
    
    C. Two different cases
    
    D. Multiple effects form weightlessness
    
    E. How to overcome weightlessness
    
    F. Factors that are not so sure
    
    During weightlessness, the forces within the body undergo dramatic change. Because the spine is no longer compressed, people grow taller. The lungs, heart and other organs within the chest have no weight, and as a result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand. Similarly, the weights of the liver, kidneys, stomach and bowels disappear. One astronaut said after his flight: “You feel your guts floating up. I found myself tightening my belly, sort of pushing things back。”
    
    41.
    
    Meanwhile muscles and bones come to be used in different ways. Our muscles are designed to support us when stand or sit upright and to move body parts. But in space, muscles used for support on the ground are no longer needed for that purpose; moreover, the muscles used for movement around a capsule differ from those used for walking down a hall. Consequently, some muscles rapidly weaken. This doesn’t present a problem to space travelers as long as they perform only light work. But preventing the loss of muscle tissue required for heavy work during space walks and preserving muscle for safe return to Earth are the subject of many current experiments。
    
    Studies have shown that astronauts lose bone mass from the lower spine, hips and upper leg at a rate of about 1 percent per month for the entire duration of their time in space. Some sites, such as the heel, lose calcium faster than others. Studies of animals taken into space suggest that bone formation also declines。
    
    42.
    
    Needless to say, these data are indeed cause for concern. During space flight, the loss of bone elevates calcium levels in the body, potentially causing kidney stones and calcium crystals to form in other tissues. Back on the ground, the loss of bone calcium stops within one month, but scientists do not yet know whether the bone recovers completely: too few people have flown in space for long periods. Some bone loss may be permanent, in which case ex-astronauts will always be more prone to broken bones。
    
    43.
    
    These questions mirror those in our understanding of how the body works here on Earth. For example, elderly women are prone to a loss of bone mass. Scientists understand that many different factors can be involved in this loss, but they do not yet know how the factors act and interact; this makes it difficult to develop an appropriate treatment. So it is with bone loss in space, where the right prescription still awaits discovery。
    
    44.
    
    Many other body systems are affected directly and indirectly. One example is the lung. Scientists have studied the lung in space and learned much they could not have learned in laboratories on earth. On the ground the top and bottom parts of the lung have different patterns of air flow and blood flow. But are these patterns the result only of gravity, or also of the nature of the lung itself? Only recently have studies in space provided clear evidence for the latter. Even in the absence of gravity, different parts of the lung have different levels of air flow and blood flow。
    
    45.
    
    Not everything that affects the body during space flight is related solely to weightlessness. Also affected, for example, are the immune system and the multiple systems responsible for the amount and quality of sleep(light levels and work schedules disrupt the body’s normal rhythms). Looking out the spacecraft window just before going to sleep(an action difficult to resist, considering the view) can let enough bright light into the eye to trigger just the wrong brain response, leading to poor sleep. As time goes on, the sleep debt accumulates。
    
    For long space voyages, travelers must also face being confined in a tight volume, unable to escape, isolated from the normal life of Earth, living with a small, fixed group of companions who often come from different cultures. These challenges can lead to anxiety, depression, crew tension and other social issues, which affect astronauts just as much as weightlessness—perhaps even more. Because these factors operate at the same time the body is adapting to other environmental changes, it may not be clear which physiological changes result from which factors. Much work rem ains to be done。
    
    PartⅢ Translation
    
    Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET。(15points)
    
    The system of higher education in the United States is complex. It comprises four categories of institutions: the university, which may contain: A. several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s (four-year) degree and B. one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master or a doctoral degree; the four-year undergraduate institution—the college—most of which are not part of a university; the technical training institution， at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to computer programming; and the two-year，or community college， from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges or universities。
    
    Any of these institutions， in any category， might be either public or private， depending on the source of its funding. There is no clear or inevitable distinction in terms of quality of education offered between the institutions which are publicly or privately funded;however， this is not to say that all institutions enjoy equal prestige nor that there are no material differences among them。
    
    PartⅣ Writing
    
    Section A
    
    Directions：假如你是湖北师范大学的校长王宏，你要给你校教师黄易写一封推荐信，具体内容如下：黄易自1995-1999年在你校英语系学习，在校学习期间成绩优秀并积极参加社会活动，爱好文学和艺术。毕业后留校任教至今，深得学生好评。(10points)
    
    Section B
    
    Directions: You are asked to write a composition according to the outline givenbelow. Your composition should be not less than 120 words. You should write it clearly. (15points)
    
    (1) 事业的成功与否离不开决心。
    
    (2) 举例说明成功的关键在于是否有恒心。
    
    (3) 成功的另一因素——机遇同样不可忽视。
 2010年硕士研究生考试英语二模拟试卷二答案详解
    
    PartⅠClose test
    
    1. [答案]C
    
    [解析]本题测试point的短语搭配。本句译文：生态学家指出，城市中的一群高层建筑经常使公共交通和停车场不堪重负。C正确。point sth.out意为“指出”;point at (twoards) sb./sth.意为“指向，瞄准”;point to意为“指明(方向/位置)，显示”。
    
    2. [答案]B
    
    [解析]本题测试近义词辨析。四个选项都表示“能力，能”。capacity意为“(无生命事物的)承受、容纳、装载能力;(人的)潜在学习和理解力”;power意为“体能、智力或权力，尤其指控制他人的能力和权力”;potential意为“潜力，潜能”;capability意为“能力，才能，做某事的资格”，其复数形式表示“潜力，发展前途”。
    
    3. [答案]B
    
    [解析]本题测试逻辑性词义搭配。本句译文：摩天大厦也是巨大的电力消费者和浪费者。并列连词and表示前后两词的意思相近。consumer意为“消费者，耗费者”;saver意为“救助者，俭省的人，节省(时间、力量等)的工具”;loser意为“失败者，遗失者”;spender意为“花钱者”。
    
    4. [答案]A
    
    [解析]本题测试惯用搭配。本句译文：在近一年中，纽约市增加的1700百万平方英尺高层办公空间使每天对电的高峰需求量增长了12万千瓦——足以供整个Albany市一天的所需。addition意为“增加物”，与介词of连接，表示“……的增加”。to用在短语in addition to中，意为“再加上……，除了……”。
    
    5. [答案]D
    
    [解析]本题测试惯用搭配。四个选项都表示“点，顶点”。peak意为“(升降不定的数字记录)最高点”;point意为“点，阶段，地步，关键时刻”;top意为“地位程度最高的、最大的”;summit意为“顶点，最高层会议”。
    
    6. [答案]C
    
    [解析]本题测试词义搭配。supply意为“供应(所需要，所要求的)”;distribute意为“分配，散发”;give意为“给予”，为一般词汇，一般接双宾语;donate意为“捐赠”。
    
    7. [答案]D
    
    [解析]本题测试逻辑性词义搭配。相关译文：“玻璃外墙的摩天大楼尤其浪费。一块半寸厚的平面玻璃墙的散热性(需热量)是充满绝缘板的典型砖瓦墙体的10倍之多。”前句提到摩天大楼耗电量大得惊人，后面用especially提出更甚之的例子，所以只有wasteful符合句意方向。thriftyr意为“节俭的”;economic意为“经济的，节省的”;prosperous意为“繁荣”。
    
    8. [答案]A
    
    [解析]本题测试结构搭配。that作代词，指代前面的the heat loss。those应用来指代复数名词。
    
    9. [答案]C
    
    [解析]本题测试惯用搭配。本句译文：为减少对供热和空调设备的压力，摩天大厦的建筑者开始使用双层玻璃板，或使用贴着一层银或金色薄膜的反光玻璃，这种玻璃能够减少反光对眼睛的刺激和墙面的聚热性。分析上文：因为玻璃墙体的摩天大厦散热很快，并且不易供热，所以需减轻对供热和空调设备的压力。只有C在搭配和词义上合适，lessen the strain on意为“减轻对……的压力/负担”。
    
    10. [答案]C
    
    [解析]本题测试逻辑性词义搭配。builder意为“建筑者”;founder意为“创始人”;consumer意为“消费者”;supplier意为“供应商”。
    
    11. [答案]A
    
    [解析]本题测试短语辨析。films意为“胶片，薄膜”。be coated with意为“被覆盖一层……”;be filled with意为“充满了”;be powdered with意为“覆盖着(粉状的东西)”;be stained with意为“沾着(不易去除的污迹)”。
    
    12. [答案]C
    
    [解析]本题测试词义搭配。glare意为“刺眼，耀眼的光”;brightness意为“光亮，光明”;light意为“光亮，目线”;gaze意为“注视，凝视”。
    
    13. [答案]D
    
    [解析]本题测试逻辑性词义搭配。本句译文：然而，镜体墙面的摩天大楼使周围空气的温度升高，从而影响周边建筑物。mirror-walled是上一句中reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films的重复，用however转引出：上一句提及的解决办法实际上存在着环境问题。glass-walled不切题;plastic-walled和concrete-walled为本文未涉及的无关选项。
    
    14. [答案]A
    
    [解析]本题测试逻辑性词义搭配。and表示前后的并列，：however已经引出弊端——使周围温度升高，所以只有A正确。affect意为“影响”;assist意为“帮助”;protect意为“保护”;benefit意为“有利于”。
    
    15. [答案]C
    
    [解析]本题测试近义词辨析。本句译文：摩天大楼也给城市的卫生设施带来了巨大的压力。如果全部的空间都被利用上的话，仅纽约市世贸中心的两座塔楼每年要产生225万加仑的污水——相当于Connecticut州的Stamford，一座人口超过10. 9万人的城市，一年中所排放的污水总量。facilities指较大型的设备;decorations意为“装饰品”;utensils意为“特殊用途的设备(尤其指炊具)”;appliances指较小的器具。
    
    16. [答案]B
    
    [解析]本题测试词义搭配。根据上文得知，“as…as”表示数量大，故选much。
    
    17. [答案]A
    
    [解析]本题测试词义搭配。population意为“人口”;people意为“人，人民，民族”;mankind意为“人类”;race意为“种族”。
    
    18. [答案]B
    
    [解析]本题测试近义词辨析。本句译文：摩天大楼还干扰电视信号的接收、阻碍鸟儿飞行和航空运输。表示对电波、信号的干扰最常用interfere。intervene意为“介入，干涉”;interrupt sb.意为“打断某人说话/做事”;obstacle(+to)意为“妨碍”。
    
    19. [答案]C
    
    [解析]本题测试逻辑性词义搭配。译文：人们仍继续建筑摩天大楼，因为支持他们一直这样做的有种种原因——个人的野心以及楼主们迫切希望最大限度地拥有可租让空间。由副词still提示的线索及后文的语气判定continue“继续”正确。stop“停止”，pause“停顿”，terminate“终止”，均错。
    
    20. [答案]B
    
    [解析]本题测试逻辑性词义搭配。并列连词and列举不同原因，desire是与personal ambition表达的语气(急切)最搭配的词，强调“热切的期望”。wish意为“希望”。