UNIT Ⅴ 文章欣赏
一
The quiet life of the country ahs never appealed to me. City born and city bred. I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the weekend. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country. Though they extol the virtues of the peaceful life, only one of hem has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months. Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life. He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the gentle pace of living. Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures. This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture. My friend fails to mention the long and friendless winter evenings in front of the TV -- virtually the only form of entertainment. He says nothing about the poor selection of goods in the shops, or about those unfortunate people who have to travel from the country to the city every day to get to work. Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me. They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they rightly belong。
If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer. You never have to travel miles to see your friends. They invariably lie nearby and are always available for an informal chat or an evening's entertainment. Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the theatre as a special treat. For them this is a major operation which involves considerable planning. As the play draws to its close, they wonder whether they will ever catch that last train home. The cit dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort. The latest exhibitions, films, or plays are only a short bus ride away. Shopping, too, is always a pleasure. The latest exhibitions, films, or plays are only a short bus ride away. Shopping, too, is always a pleasure. There is so much variety that you never have to make do with second best. Country people run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as many of the exotic items as they can carry. Nor is the city without its moments of beauty. There is something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter nights. Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at weekends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in the country. It has always been a mystery to me who city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country。
二
People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air. Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. It is almost impossible to take your mind off the journey. Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night, when you really wish to go to sleep, you rarely manage to do so. If you are lucky enough to get a sleeper, you spend half the night staring at the small blue light in the ceiling, or fumbling to find you ticket for inspection. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted. Long car journeys are even less pleasant, for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on roads with few service stations and too much traffic. By comparison, ferry trips or cruises offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, meet interesting people and enjoy good food -- always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not, and you are likely to get seasick, no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice holiday time for the pleasure of travlling by sea。
Aeroplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and even hardened travellers are intimidated by them. They also have the disadvantage of being an expensive form of transport. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Travelling at a height of 30,000 feet, far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. You do not have to devise ways of taking your mind off the journey, for an aeroplane gets you to your destination rapidly. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a film and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An aeroplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden from view, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled. You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey。
附：
句子(要考虑逻辑性和连贯性两大要素---句子内部和句子之间)
确定句子结构，突出重心---确定主语、谓语、宾语等成分，以判断对句子结构的理解无误；
使用非谓语结构---必须考虑到非谓语结构的特点，如不定式和分词的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语一致，动名词应该起名词的作用，独立主格应该有自己独立的逻辑主语等；
使用从句---尤其是定语从句和状语从句；
词语
会使用小词：challenge, opportunity等
使用各种短语：
动作指向性动词词组表示动词，做谓语；
用含有否定意思的词表示否定，如：fail to, instead of, rather than, anything but等
both … and …,not only … but also, not because … but because, more … than等。
综上，要想写出一篇好文章，要兼顾：
从宏观上先严密地组织，有逻辑性地展开；
从结构上先清楚地阐明观点，然后恰当的选择写作技巧支持各种观点，或举例，或描述，或分析前因后果或定义分类等；
从具体的词汇语言使用上，尽量变换句型和句子结构，避免用词过多重复，灵活运用语法知识。
技巧
1、如何提出议题
关于，至于：in (with) relation to …; in (with) regard to (of) …; as regards …; as concerns …; in (with) reference to …; in point of …; as to …; regarding/concerning …; with (in) respect to …; be concerned with …
as far as … be concerned 就…而言 (as far as my knowledge is concerned 据我所知)
when it comes to … 说到
2、如何表示赞同和赞赏
agree; appreciate; approve of sth.; assent; be all for …; be commendable; be worthy of praise; consent; commend; deserve commendation; endorse; express agreement with; favor; speak highly of; support; win the approval of …; It stands to reason that …; have good reason to believe
3、如何表达反对意见
at first glance it looks as if … but …; but actually; can’t stand the idea that …; differ; disagree; however, in truth …; I can hardly approve of …; I don’t see any advantage in …; in actual fact; in point of fact; in reality, however; it is not my idea that …; it is doubtful that …; it may seem that ….However, …; many people …, but I …; on the surface (it appears as if)； one drawback is …; the truth of the matter is …;
4、如何表达好或坏的评价
表示好感
admire; appreciate; acclaim; commend; enjoy; form a high opinion of; have a favorable opinion of; in the opinion of … be right (sound, the best)； it is wise (an effective way) to do; make a persuasive argument; regard …as reasonable; share; express the wishes of …; voice the desires of …; combine the advantages of …
表示反对
have (form) a low (an ill) opinion of …; be disgusted with …; can’t find evidence to justify …; don’t care for; wonder why …; it’s not practical to do sth.; one drawback is …; That is not my way; seem forced; be offensive to …; what I can’t stand is …; what I am worried about (afraid of) is …
5、如何为观点辩护
point to my conclusion…; will share my view; Don’t get me wrong; even if you don’t … I would like to …; agree with … in principle but disagree with … in detail; I assume I have provided plenty of facts …; I can hardly avoid the conclusion; I don’t want to be offensive but; I put up my idea with so many examples that …; if we consider the matter from another angle; in effect, what I am trying to explain is …; in other words; let me accept what they said as true for now but …; let me make it simpler; my analysis, though not pleasing (satisfactory) to some people, …; my conclusion (judgment) will be proved by facts; my experience told me …; my article indicated clearly …; … is not what I meant
6、如何进一步分析问题
all things considered; allowing for the fact that …; considering …; considered scientifically; even if it is so; (even) taking … into consideration; keeping … in mind; on second thought; that would be great except …
7、如何解释前因后果
because; as; since; for; so; thus; then; now that; so … that; so that; such … that; due to; thanks to; owing to; in order to; in other that …; on account of; for this (that) reason; for one thing … for another …; result from …; cause; lead to; the reason for (why, that)； by reason of
8、如何说明产生的结果
as a result; as a consequence; the result of …; consequently; logically; similarly; therefore; accordingly
9、如何提出例外情况
there are exceptions; an exception to that is; not include; except that; one exception is; except for; except; with the exception of (that)
10、如何举例说明
by way of examples; in illustration of; such as; like; and so on; and so forth; are good examples of; is a case of; is a case in point; take one example to do; provide examples of; illustrate examples from; draw (find) examples from (in, among) …
11、如何确定议论对象
according to … group; divide; classify … based on …; be graded as; classification; constitute the striking features; belong to; be classed depending on …; be defined as …; be regarded as …; refer to …; stand for …
12、如何运用比较与类比
