lergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish。”
在新大陆的历史上，被研究的最彻底的学者是17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖们。根据美国标准哲学史的记载，在美洲殖民地中，“其他地区的人对学术的追求都没有这么狂热。”据许多书籍及文章记载，新英格兰的领袖们在美国学术界中确立了正在发展、后来成为主流的清教传统的基本主题和关注点。
通过这条途径来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要首先研究清教徒的神学创新和对于教会的不同理念——这是我们不可忽略的重要课题。但是为了与我们对南部学术界的研究保持一致，我们可以将最初的清教徒们视作欧洲文化的传递者，他们根据新大陆的情况进行了调整。新英格兰作为殖民地，在追求广为人知的礼貌及艺术鉴赏力的过程中发生了许多重要事件。
到达马萨诸塞州的最早定居者包括那些在英格兰接受过良好的教育并深具影响力的英国人。在1629年之后的十年间，除了90多位来到马萨诸塞教堂的有学识的牧师，还有像约翰·温斯罗普这样的政治领袖，在到达波士顿之前，他是一位受过良好教育的绅士、律师及皇室官员。这些人大量写作、出版书籍，新旧大陆都有读者，这样便给新大陆带来了热衷学术的氛围。
但是，我们不应该忘记，大多数新英格兰人没有受过良好教育。极少有工匠或农民(更不用说靠他们养活的家人及仆人)留下文学作品以供分析，但是很明显，他们的观点并不具有很大的学术性。他们的思想中往往有一种传统的迷信成份。一个名为约翰·戴恩的裁缝于17世纪30年代末移民到新大陆，他留下一个记录，陈述了离开英格兰的理由，内容充满了预兆。在一个决定性的时刻，他打开圣经，告诉父亲说，自己看到的第一行字会决定他的命运，他读了那些神奇的话语：“(圣经原文)从他们中间出来，不要沾不洁净之物，我将成为你们的神，你们将成为我的子民”。性的混乱，经济挫折和宗教希望——这所有的一切在他打开圣经的一刹那都出现了。人们想知道戴恩在清教教堂里听到布道牧师认真解释圣经时会作何感想。
与此同时，许多定居者并没有戴恩那样虔诚，就像一位牧师在海边遇到一些人时听到的那样，那些人嘲弄说他们不是为了宗教来到新大陆的。“我们的主要目的是为了捕鱼。”
第一段中心句：The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenthcentury New England. 在新大陆的历史上，被研究的最彻底的学者是17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖们。
第二段中心句：But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. 但是为了与我们对南部学术界的研究保持一致，我们可以将最初的清教徒们视作欧洲文化的传递者，他们根据新大陆的情况进行了调整。
第三段中心句：The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. 到达马萨诸塞州的最早定居者包括那些在英格兰接受过良好的教育并深具影响力的英国人。
第四段中心句：We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. 但是，我们不应该忘记，大多数新英格兰人没有接受过良好教育。
第五段中心句：Mean while, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. 与此同时，许多定居者并没有戴恩那样虔诚，就像一位牧师在海边遇到一些人时听到的那样，那些人嘲弄说他们不是为了宗教来到新大陆的。
答案：BBDAC(解析略)
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (4145)， choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41. 。
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 42. 。
In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43. 。
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44. 。
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45. 。
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology。
在19世纪60年代，英国自然学家查尔斯·达尔文提出突破性的生物进化理论，与此巧合的是，英国社会哲学家赫波特·斯宾塞也提出了自己的生物和文化演变理论。斯宾塞认为，所有世俗的现象，包括人类社会，都随着时间的推移而改变，走向完善。他认为，人类进化的特点是他称为“适者生存”的斗争，弱小种族和社会最终必将被更强大、更先进的种族和社会所取代。
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] ... 下一页 >>
