scovered that the formation of new habits can be
［A］predicted.［B］ regulated.［C］ traced.［D］ guided。
23.The word “ruts”(line 1, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to
［A］tracks.［B］series.［C］characteristics.［D］ connections。
24.Dawna Markova would most probably agree that
［A］ideas are born of a relaxing mind.［B］innovativeness could be taught。
［C］decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.［D］curiosity activates creative minds。
25.Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing
［A］prevents new habits from being formed。
［B］no longer emphasizes commonness。
［C］maintains the inherent American thinking mode。
［D］complies with the American belief system。
Text 2
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom—or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore—and another $120 to get the results。
More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the overthecounter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.
Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists—and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots。
Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA。
But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors—numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other greatgrandparents or, four generations back, 14 other greatgreatgrandparents。
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation。
26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s
［A］easy availability.［B］flexibility in pricing。
［C］successful promotion.［D］popularity with households。
27.PTK is used to
［A］locate one’s birth place.［B］promote genetic research。
［C］identify parentchild kinship. ［D］choose children for adoption。
28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to
［A］trace distant ancestors.［B］rebuild reliable bloodlines。
［C］fully use genetic information.［D］achieve the claimed accuracy。
29.In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is
［A］disorganized data collection.［B］overlapping database building。
［C］excessive sample comparison.［D］lack of patent evaluation。
30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be
［A］ Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing［B］DNA Testing and It’s Problems
［C］DNA Testing Outside the Lab［D］Lies behind DNA Testing
Text 3
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living。
Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its prebubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotiveassembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job。
More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the
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