as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young。
(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group。
教育可以在每个人同他人生活时获得，也可以通过年轻人有目的的学习获得，这两种教育有很大的区别。前一种情况下教育带有偶然性，它在自然而然中发生，也很重要，但这并不是这种关系发生的明确理由。或许可以说，任何社会机构的价值衡量尺度是它在丰富和提升经验方面所起到的作用，但这种作用并非是它原来动机的一部分。例如，为了保证从推翻强权中得到的好处，避免邪恶势力的影响，宗教团体出现了；为了满足人们的食欲，保持家庭稳固，家庭生活开始了。成体系的劳动制度，很大程度上也是由于奴役他人产生的。慢慢的，社会机构的这种副产品才被人们注意到，而要把它作为机构运行的指导性因素，则更加缓慢得多。即使今天，在我们的工业化生活里，人类工作是在各种人际关系中进行的。但是除了某些价值观如勤奋、节俭，人们对其他人际关系形式在智力和情感方面的反应的关注，与物质成果比起来少了太多太多。
但在与年轻人交往时，人际关系本身就是人类现实的这一事实非常重要。我们很容易忽略在接触中我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成年人交往时，这种影响是不容易被忽略的。培训的必要性太明显了。让他们改变态度和习惯的任务太紧迫了，以致于不能完全不考虑这些后果。既然我们与年轻人交往的主要目的是让他们也能够分享日常生活中的一切，我们不禁要考虑：我们是否正在形成一种力量来确保他们的这种能力。如果人类在“每个机构的最终价值是它对人类的影响”这一认识上的有所进步的话，我们完全可以相信这些进步很大程度上都是在与年轻人的交往中获得的。
因此，在我们迄今一直在思考的宽泛的教育过程中，我们需要区分出一种更正规的教育方式，即直接的指导或学校教育。在欠发达社会中，我们很少发现正规的教育或培训。这些群体主要依赖和让成年人对群体保持忠诚同样的关系，来给年轻人灌输所需要的性情。
46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。
【结构分析】
It may be saidthat the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。
这是一个并列复合句。It may be said that 是一个固定句型，用来引出主语从句；that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience 是主语从句的内容，为主系表结构，其中in enlarging and improving experience是介词短语作定语，修饰effect ; 句子but this effect is not a part of its original motive是主系表结构的简单句，用but体现与前面的转接关系。
【词义推敲】
measure 尺度，标准
motive 动机
【翻译润色】
It may be said或许可以说
that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience 任何社会机构的价值衡量尺度是它在丰富和提升经验方面所起到的作用
but this effect is not a part of its original motive 但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
【参考译文】
或许可以说，任何社会机构的价值衡量尺度是它在丰富和提升经验方面所起到的作用，但这种作用并非是它原来的动机的一部分。
47.Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。
【结构分析】
Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。
这是一个并列句，两个并列分句都是部分倒装的形式(only加上副词置于句首的部分倒装)，前半句为only gradually置于句首的倒装，正常语序为The byproduct of the institution was noted only gradually；后半句为only more gradually still置于句首的倒装，正常语序为and this effect was still considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution only more gradually。
【词义推敲】
By-product 副产品
【翻译润色】
Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted慢慢的，社会机构的这种副产品才被人们注意到
and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution而要把它作为机构运行的指导性因素，则更加缓慢得多
【参考译文】
慢慢的，社会机构的这种副产品才被人们注意到，而要把它作为机构运行的指导性因素，则更加缓慢得多。
48.While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults。
【结构分析】
While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults。
这是一个复合句。While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition是while引导的让步状语从句，其中in our contact with them 是介词短语，在句子中做状语；it is not so easy as in dealing with adults是主句。
【词义推敲】
disposition 性情
deal with sb. 应付，对待
【翻译润色】
While it is easy to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition虽然我们很容易忽略我们的行为对他们性格的影响
in our contact with them在和他们接触的时候
it is not so easy as in dealing with adults但是在与成年人交往时，这种影响是不容易被忽略的
【参考译文】
我们很容易忽略在接触中我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成年人交往时，这种影响是不容易被忽略的。
49.Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。
【结构分析】
Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。
这是一个复合句。Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life 是since引导的原因状语从句，we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability是主句，其中whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability 是由whether引导的名词从句，做consider的宾语，该从句中的which will secure this ability是定语从句，修饰先行词powers。
【词义推敲】
cannot help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
【翻译润色】
Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life既然我们的主要目的是让他们也能够分享日常生活中的一切
we cannot help considering 我们不禁要考虑
whether or not we are forming the po
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