［E］——42题
因此，他认为，不同方面的文化，如家庭结构，婚姻形式，亲属关系类别，财产所有权，政府形式，技术和粮食生产制度，都随着社会的发展而改变。
［F］——不选
这个理论的支持者将文化看做各综合部分的集合，它们一同发挥作用保证社会系统的运转。
［G］——45题
例如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿·埃利特·史密斯和佩里由于资料不足而提出过这样的错误观点，即农业、陶器制作和冶金这些都起源于古埃及，之后扩散到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化的发展都在不同的时间发生在不同的地方。
选项［A］讲述的是扩散主义理论，而且以Other anthropologists开头，很显然前面应该提到一位或一些人类学家的观点以与其构成对比。因此43或44空格处似乎都适合，但43空格前讲到gave new direction to anthropology，很显然后面应紧接一种别的人类学家认同的旧的方向以形成对比，所以放入第43题空处符合上下文。
选项［B］讲述的是为了研究特定文化，he精通了语言学和体质人类学，因此前文肯定是在讲述一个人。由特定文化(particular culture)可知，he所持的观点应为强调文化的独特性，由此可以推测这个人应该是Bias，文章第三、四段都是讲Bias的，43题已选出答案，故B应填在44处，且B中的particular culture也与前文的unique history对应。
选项［C］讲述的是he认为人类进化的特点也是 “适者生存”的斗争，由survival of the fittest可以想到达尔文的进化论，而文章第一段就提到了达尔文，并讲到与此巧合的是，斯宾塞提出自己的生物和文化演变理论，认为所有世俗的现象，包括人类社会，都随着时间的推移而改变，走向完善。后面应该还是继续阐述他的观点，且他的观点应该与达尔文的进化论有类似之处，因此C填在41处最合适。
选项［D］ 讲到一些重要典礼如成年礼可以保障一个民族社会结构的稳定，在文章中找不到对应的段落，故不选。
选项［E］讲的是某人的观点认为，不同方面的文化都随着社会的发展而改变。这与第二段中摩根的文化进化论相吻合，与42空之前的In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies。是相呼应的，因此放入42空处最合适。
选项［F］讲到某个理论的支持者将文化看做各综合部分的集合，它们一同发挥作用保证社会系统的运转。该理论在文中找不到对应的内容，故不选。
选项［G］先举了一个例子，即史密斯和佩里提出一个错误的观点，认为农业、陶器制作和冶金这些都起源于古埃及，之后扩散到世界各地。史密斯和佩里的观点显然是扩散主义的主张，文章第五段解释了扩散主义，该句填在45处正好紧承前面的解释。
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association。(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47)Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output。
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance。(48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young。
(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group。
教育可以在每个人同他人生活时获得，也可以通过年轻人有目的的学习获得，这两种教育有很大的区别。前一种情况下教育带有偶然性，它在自然而然中发生，也很重要，但这并不是这种关系发生的明确理由。或许可以说，任何社会机构的价值衡量尺度是它在丰富和提升经验方面所起到的作用，但这种作用并非是它原来动机的一部分。例如，为了保证从推翻强权中得到的好处，避免邪恶势力的影响，宗教团体出现了；为了满足人们的食欲，保持家庭稳固，家庭生活开始了。成体系的劳动制度，很大程度上也是由于奴役他人产生的。慢慢的，社会机构的这种副产品才被人们注意到，而要把它作为机构运行的指导性因素，则更加缓慢得多。即使今天，在我们的工业化生活里，人类工作是在各种人际关系中进行的。但是除了某些价值观如勤奋、节俭，人们对其他人际关系形式在智力和情感方面的反应的关注，与物质成果比起来少了太多太多。
但在与年轻人交往时，人际关系本身就是人类现实的这一事实非常重要。我们很容易忽略在接触中我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成年人交往时，这种影响是不容易被忽略的。培训的必要性太明显了。让他们改变态度和习惯的任务太紧迫了，以致于不能完全不考虑这些后果。既然我们与年轻人交往的主要目的是让他们也能够分享日常生活中的一切，我们不禁要考虑：我们是否正在形成一种力量来确保他们的这种能力。如果人类在“每个机构的最终价值是它对人类的影响”这一认识上的有所进步的话，我们完全可以相信这些进步很大程度上都是在与年轻人的交往中获得的。
因此，在我们迄今一直在思考的宽泛的教育过程中，我们需要区分出一种更正规的教育方式，即直接的指导或学校教育。在欠发达社会中，我们很少发现正规的教育或培训。这些群体主要依赖和让成年人对群体保持忠诚同样的关系，来给年轻人灌输所需要的性情。
46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。
【结构分析】
It may be saidthat the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。
这是一个并列复合句。It may be said that 是一个固定句型，用来引出主语从句；that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience 是主语从句的内容，为主系表结构，其中in enlarging and improving experience是介词短语作定语，修饰effect ; 句子but this effect is not a part of its original motive是主系表结构的简单句，用but体现与前面的转接关系。
【词义推敲】
measure 尺度，标准
motive 动机
【翻译润色】
It may be said或许可以说
that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience 任何社会机构的价值衡量尺度是它在丰富和提升经验方面所起到的作用
but this effect is not a part of its original motive 但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
【参考译文】
或许可以说，任何社会机构的价值衡量尺度是它在丰富和提升经验方面所起到的作用，但这种作用并非是它原来的动机的一部分。
47.Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。
【结构分析】
Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。
这是一个并列句，两个并列分句都是部分倒装的形式(only加上副词置于句首的部分倒装)，前半句为only gradually置于句首的倒装，正常语序为The byproduct of the institution was noted only gradually；后半句为only more gradually still置于句首的倒装，正常语序为and this effect was still considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution only more gradually。
【词义推敲】
By-product 副产品
【翻译润色】
Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted慢慢的，社会机构的这种副产品才被人们注意到
and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution而要把它作为机构运行的指导性因素，则更加缓慢得多
【参考译文】
慢慢的，社会机构的这种副产品才被人们注意到，而要把它作为机构运行的指导性因素，则更加缓慢得多。
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