r religion. 与此同时，许多定居者并没有戴恩那样虔诚，就像一位牧师在海边遇到一些人时听到的那样，那些人嘲弄说他们不是为了宗教来到新大陆的。
答案：BBDAC(解析略)
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (4145)， choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41. 。
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 42. 。
In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43. 。
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44. 。
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45. 。
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology。
在19世纪60年代，英国自然学家查尔斯·达尔文提出突破性的生物进化理论，与此巧合的是，英国社会哲学家赫波特·斯宾塞也提出了自己的生物和文化演变理论。斯宾塞认为，所有世俗的现象，包括人类社会，都随着时间的推移而改变，走向完善。他认为，人类进化的特点是他称为“适者生存”的斗争，弱小种族和社会最终必将被更强大、更先进的种族和社会所取代。
19世纪后期，美国社会科学家路易斯·亨利·摩根引进另一种文化演变理论。摩根帮助创立了现代人类学，该学科是对人类社会、习俗和信仰的科学研究，因此他也成为了最早的人类学家之一。摩根在他的著作中试图展示社会进程中文化在所有方面发生的变化。因此，他认为，不同方面的文化，如家庭结构，婚姻形式，亲属关系类别，财产所有权，政府形式，技术和粮食生产制度，都随着社会的发展而改变。
20世纪初期，在北美，德裔美国人类学家弗兰兹·博厄斯形成了一种新的文化理论，被称为历史特殊论。这种文化理论强调所有文化的独特性，它为人类学提供了新的方向。其他人类学家认为，文化创新，如发明，只有一个来源，从一个社会传递至另一社会。这一理论被称为扩散主义。
博厄斯认为，任何社会的文化必须被理解为源自一种独特历史，而不是许多文化属于的一个更广泛的文化进化阶段或文化类型的一种。为了尽可能完整地研究特定文化，博厄斯精通了语言学(对语言的研究)和体质人类学(对人类生物学和解剖学的研究)。
在博厄斯许多弟子的影响下，“历史特殊论”成为美国人类学文化研究中占主导的方法。但在20世纪初，一些人类学家还是不认同文化特殊性理论，而是支持扩散主义。一些人几乎将每一个重要的文化成就归功于少数某些人，特别是天才的发明，之后，发明传播到其他文化中去，这就是扩散主义者的观点。例如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿·埃利特·史密斯和佩里由于资料不足而提出过这样的错误观点，即农业，陶器制作，冶金这些都起源于古埃及，之后扩散到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化的发展都在不同的时间发生在不同的地方。
另外，在20世纪初，法国社会学家迪尔凯姆提出了一种可能会对人类学产生极大影响的文化理论。迪尔凯姆认为宗教信仰能够在加强社会团结方面起作用。关注社会职能和文化之间的关系，成为欧洲，特别是英国人类学的一个重要课题。
［A］Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism。
［B］In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy。
［C］He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies。
［D］They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood。
［E］Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved。
［F］Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning。
［G］For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world。
本篇讲述的是19至20世纪人类学发展过程中的各种文化理论。
第一段：Herbert Spencer的“生物和文化演变理论”。
第二段：Lewis Henry Morgan的文化进化理论。
第三段：Franz Boas提出的 “历史特殊论”以及其他人类学家认为的“扩散主义”。
第四段：详细介绍了历史特殊论。
第五段：介绍了扩散主义。
第六段：介绍了Emile Durkheim提出了一种关注社会职能和文化关系的功能主义理论。
［A］——43题
其他人类学家认为，文化创新，如发明，只有一个来源，从一个社会传递至另一社会。这一理论被称为扩散主义。
［B］——44题
为了尽可能完整地研究特定文化，博厄斯精通了语言学(对语言的研究)和体质人类学(对人类生物学和解剖学的研究)。
［C］——41题
他认为，人类进化的特点是他称为“适者生存”的斗争，弱小种族和社会最终必将被更强大、更先进的种族和社会所取代。
［D］——不选
他们也注意重要的典礼，这些典礼的出现保障了一个民族社会结构的稳定，比如标志着儿童步入成年的成年礼。
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